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People had some mutual requirements and started to exchange commodities. Two people exchange some quantities of wheat and rice as they wish to eat both. If they decide that the demand for rice is double that of wheat, they will come to an agreement that for every two Kgs of wheat, one Kg of rice will be given. This is what is called Barter System

Later, people had difficulty with the Barter System, because Barter system gets complicated with increasing number of entities. Some of the problems are that not all commodities can be physically carried and then exchanged, and if a person wants oil he has to look for a person who has oil and needs wheat. Now, these problems complicated the matters for people to exchange (trade). As we say necessity is the mother of invention, people started to identify certain valuable items which are equally demanding across for most people and which are very portable. People started to accept certain types of mineral rocks, fish bones, sea shells, and whale tooth. Now, slowly this led to gems, and jewels. and then to Gold, Silver and other metals. These metals can be melted and can be transformed into whatever you want. So, people started trading in thesemetals and that led to Gold Based System.

But metal money also has a set of disadvantages. People had problems in assessing the purity of the metal, metals wear down and lose value, coins have to periodically be reminted and returned to the original weight, heavy for large transactions, prone to robbery, and metal is limited in the nature. During this time, many temples and goldsmiths who had place to store gold, started a business to store people’s gold. People stored gold in exchange of a claim check. If one deposits a one-ounce gold, one gets a one-ounce claim check. People started to deposit their gold here and used the claim checks as money. People found that it has the same value as the gold they’ve deposited and they can claim anytime they want. All these papers are redeemable and they have the same value. This laid the foundation for the paper currency.

Gold is still considered as ‘the real money’

Gold is an element that comes in only one form and doesn’t combine with other elements. It doesn’t tarnish or rust, and can be melted to make foils out of lumps and lumps out foils. It is extraordinarily dense and cannot be counterfeited as all other metals are not that dense.

Gold doesn’t have many uses except for some uses in electronics and dentistry. Silver, Copper, and Bronze are used in many industries. As a result, Gold is hardly consumed or changed from one form to another. Of the 125 million kilograms of Gold found till now, humans own close to 100 kilograms of Gold and very less is used for other purposes. Even till date, people perceive Gold as the real money. India is one of the largest markets for Gold and much of the demand for Gold in India is satisfied from the imports.

The Textile and Apparel (T&A) industry in India is a major contributor to the GDP, exports, employment and foreign exchange earnings. It contributes about 14% to the industrial production, 4% to the GDP and 17% to the country’s export earnings. It is also the second largest provider of employment after agriculture, providing direct employment to over 35 million people.

The domestic size of the Indian T&A industry was about US$ 33 billion in 2008. It is projected to grow at an annual growth rate of around 10% to reach US$ 47 billion by 2012. Additionally, T&A exports were US$ 22 billion in 2008 and are estimated to reach US$ 36 billion by 2012 at an annual growth rate of 13%.

India’s current domestic consumption is expected to grow to US $200 billion by 2025.  One of the major problem is the lack of supply to meet this demand. The current manufacturing capacities cannot meet this unprecedented growth in the demand and we may need huge foreign investments in this area. India needs huge investments of more than US $100 billion in the area of textile and apparel manufacturing. However, if this is not met, then probably the domestic demand will be met by the imports.

The rural consumer behaviour exhibits certain behaviour unique to rural settings and this makes it important for marketers to understand rural consumers through appropriate research. Rural consumers, for example, tend to lead a more relaxed lifestyle compared to the urban counterparts and exhibit little urgency. Consumers in rural markets tend to have greater trust in products and services endorsed by the government and its agencies. They tend to be more brand loyal, as habits once formed are difficult to change and they tend to feel a pride in getting a good deal rather than paying premium prices for products and services.

The cultural values and norms have a strong influence in determining buying and consumption behaviour in the rural areas. There are restrictions on the type of food and the type of intoxicants that can be consumed in the villages. Similarly, women occupy a more traditional place in rural areas and therefore western apparel may not be accepted in the rural markets. However, the rural youth are open to any new ideas, and influenced by the urban consumption patterns.

Rural communities tend to be closer than urban societies and reference groups have a greater importance. Relatives and people from the same caste are important reference groups. Joint families still exists in villages although the trend is towards the nuclear families. In rural areas, the consumption is driven to a large degree by the occupation and income of the consumers. Low income levels and inadequacy of credit facilities also affect the consumption patterns. Another important factor that affects demand patterns in rural areas is the instability of the income of the farmers, which is linked to the seasonality of agricultural production as well as to the unpredictability of the harvest. Similarly, the landless labourers and daily wage earners get their remuneration on a day-to-day basis and therefore they purchase in smaller quantities of products at a time, mostly on a daily basis.

As compared to the urban counterparts, the rural consumers have different interpretations of colors, symbols, and social activities. As the exposure to mass media and information technology is increasing, rural consumers are being more informed about products and services and their dependence on traditional reference groups is waning.


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